S&P 500 - A widely used stock market index that tracks 500 large‑cap U.S. companies across multiple sectors.

Equity ETF - An ETF that invests primarily in stocks, providing exposure to a broad market or specific sectors.

Tech Sector - A (tech) sector ETF is an exchange‑traded fund that tracks an index of companies involved in technology‑related fields, such as software, hardware, semiconductors, and IT services. These funds provide diversified exposure to the sector, trading on exchanges like individual stocks to allow investors to capture growth in digital transformation.

Cyclical Sector - Cyclical sectors are industries that thrive during economic expansions and decline during downturns, with performances closely tied to consumer discretionary spending and macroeconomic health. Key sectors include Consumer Discretionary, Financials, Industrials, Materials, and Information Technology. These companies often produce non‑essential, “nice‑to‑have” goods.

Option Income ETFs - Option income ETFs are actively managed funds that generate high, regular cash flow (income) for shareholders by holding a portfolio of assets—such as stocks or bonds—and selling (writing) options, commonly covered calls, against those positions. These funds are designed to provide consistent, often monthly, income and potential for reduced volatility, though they typically cap upside capital appreciation and may underperform in strong bull markets.

Nasdaq 100 ETF (NDX) - The Invesco NASDAQ 100 ETF (Fund) is based on the NASDAQ‑100 Index (Index). The Fund will invest at least 90% of its total assets in the securities that comprise the Index. The Index includes securities of 100 of the largest domestic and international nonfinancial companies listed on Nasdaq. The Fund and Index are rebalanced quarterly and reconstituted annually.

Low Volatility Factor - The low volatility factor is an investment strategy focusing on stocks with historically lower price fluctuations and more stable earnings, designed to provide a smoother, less risky ride compared to the broader market. It exploits the “low‑volatility anomaly,” which suggests that lower‑risk stocks often generate higher risk‑adjusted returns over time.

Thematic ETF - Thematic exchange‑traded funds (ETFs) are investment funds that track a specific, forward‑looking trend, macroeconomic shift, or niche industry rather than a broad market index. By targeting themes like AI, clean energy, or cybersecurity, they offer curated exposure to companies positioned to benefit from structural, long‑term societal or technological changes.

Crypto ETF - (cryptocurrency exchange‑traded fund) is a type of investment fund that allows you to gain exposure to cryptocurrencies—most commonly Bitcoin or Ethereum—without having to buy or store the crypto directly.

Emerging Markets (EM) - Emerging markets are countries with fast‑growing but still developing economies that are becoming more integrated into global markets.